Britain’s first Viking helmet discovered
In the 1950s, workmen digging trenches for new sewerage pipes in Chapel Yard, Yarm, made an unusual discovery – a battered helmet. Known locally as the ‘Viking helmet’, it has been on loan to Preston Park Museum from Yarm Town Council for a number of decades. It had never previously been researched and the age of the helmet had caused much debate until now.
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The Yarm Helmet following research and conservation [Credit: Preston Park Museum] |
The research has focussed on determining if the helmet is genuine and this involved analysing its materials, how it was made, its shape and functional features. If it was genuine how had it survived in the damp earth of the tidal riverbank of the River Tees?
Yarm may not be where you would expect to find a Viking helmet. The only previous find of this date from Yarm was a piece of 9th century cross shaft, which is now in Durham Cathedral. There are however many pieces of Viking age sculpture that belong to St. Martin’s Church, Kirklevington, most of which are on loan to Preston Park Museum.
This could indicate that Yarm was a Viking market place with the merchants and leaders living in the Kirklevington area, 1.5 miles away. The helmet dates to before the establishment of the town and was found on the east side of the loop in the river, an area that could have been a quayside.
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X-Radiographs of the Yarm Helmet showing the rivets and overlapping plates of the composite construction [Credit: Preston Park Museum] |
The hammer marks covering the surface and ragged edges of the infill plates show the helmet was made at a blacksmiths forge without benefit of additional refinement. The rivet holes were punched through hot metal from the outer side, ensuring a smooth exterior that would not catch bladed weapons. The out turned lip of the brow band was a later alteration, pushing the mail curtain away from the neck, possibly to protect an injury.
The circumference of the helmet is similar to that of other early medieval helmets and would have been worn over a padded cap around 16mm thick. The metal is 1-2mm thick and would absorb the impact from a weapon.
Samples from the helmet were analysed and shown to be made of an iron, whose composition is typical of the early medieval period. There is no evidence that the helmet was decorated, while the minerals found in the helmet suggest that it was initially buried in waterlogged conditions. Was it deliberately hidden and then not retrieved because something happened to the owner?
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Schematic plan and side view of the Yarm helmet [Credit: Preston Park Museum] |
This differs from the individual combat of an earlier period where the use of armour would not have been necessary. The lack of armour, helmets and mail hauberks (shirt of chain mail), was considered a key factor in the Vikings losing the battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066.
Helmets were scarce throughout North-West Europe in the 6th to 8th century and only the richest male graves contained them. Highly decorated, they were a symbol of authority rather than for protection. A number have survived because they were buried as grave goods.
In the 9th–11th century the helmets are practical and undecorated but far more common, however they rarely survive as they were recycled not buried as grave goods. The Yarm helmet now joins the Gjermundbu helmet, Norway, as the second example from this period.
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Yarm Helmet in Stores at Preston Park Museum, 2007 [Credit: Preston Park Museum] |
The Yarm helmet, the first relatively complete Anglo-Scandinavian (Viking) helmet found in Britain and only the second discovered in north-west Europe.
The Yarm Helmet is on display at the Preston Park Museum in Stockton.
Source: Preston Park Museum [August 10, 2020]
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