Modern humans occupied Mas d’Azil cave 35,000 years ago
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Archaeologists work in the Mas d'Azil cave in Le Mas-d'Azil, southern France [Credit: AFP/Remy Gabalda] |
This work is accompanied by a complete archaeological and geological study of the cave, consisting of a meticulous study focused on its prehistoric occupations during the last great glaciation (between 40,000 and 13,000 years ago). The cave also provides useful climatic information, attesting to alternating periods of hostile cold and more temperate phases, during which prehistoric humans ventured inside the cave.
A new scenario for the history of the cave
The researchers have thus revealed a new history of human presence at the foot of the Pyrenees. The unearthing of an Aurignacian occupation linked to the first arrival of modern humans in this part of Europe is a major discovery.
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The cave of Mas-d'Azil is a large, 500 metre long tunnel dug by the Arize River through a wall of the Massif Plantaurelin, part of the Ariege Pyrenees [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
In this immense cavern, they left numerous and famous portable art objects, as well as artistic depictions on the cave walls. At the end of the Pleistocene, when the climate became warmer, a new civilization emerged, the Azilian, which was named after this cave.
All of the Upper Paleolithic is present in the Mas d’Azil Cave
Extensively explored since 1860, the right bank of the Mas d’Azil Cave largely suffered from its early discovery. Until recently, it was thought that only a bit of spoil from the early excavations remained, but recent rescue archaeology operations have now revealed a long stratigraphy several meters deep.
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Archaeologists have established that the cave was occupied by the first modern European man 35,000 years ago [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
Most of the oldest layers, which were sealed by these river deposits, can be attributed to the Aurignacian period (35,000-33,000 BC).
When the climate later became warmer, the Arize River regained its erosive power and re-cut through its own deposits, making the cave accessible to humans once again.
The later layers date to 14,700 BC and lie directly above the river deposits: the Magdalenian occupation thus followed this flooding and filling phase in the cave. Another important element has now been revealed at Mas d’Azil: it was previously thought that Aurignacians did not live deep in caves, but their occupations have now been found inside this cave. This is a major discovery. Modern prehistoric archaeology techniques now enable researchers to replace some of the old artefact collections, kept in museums, into their original context.
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Archaeologists exploring the cave of Mas d'Azil [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
This research sheds new light on the Aurignacian period in the French Central Pyrenees. The prehistoric human occupations in this vast valley bottom could have been very different from, or complementary to, those found in the "small” caves often perched high above the landscape, and which until now were almost the only ones known.
The Mas d’Azil Cave and Prehistory
Research began at this paleontological and prehistoric site as early as the 1840’s by Father Pouech when the genie imperial planned to construct the road traversing the cave. Félix Garrigou described its general stratigraphy in 1867. During these years, thousands of flint tools and hundreds of portable art objects were extracted from the cave. In 1901-1902, Henri Breuil defined the chronology of the Magdalenian culture based on the excavations at Mas d’Azil, and discovered the first remains of parietal art in the cavern (depictions of bison, horse, felines, fish, etc.).
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The entry of the River Arize to the southern side of the Grotte [Credit: © Denis Gliksman, Inrap] |
The Mas d’Azil Cave is the eponymous site of the last culture of the Upper Paleolithic before the start of a new era, the Azilian, defined by Edourd Piette in 1887-1889 based on his work in the vast site on the left bank of the cave. This Epipaleolithic culture, meaning between the Upper Paleolithic and the Mesolithic, followed by the Neolithic, is characterized by perforated red deer harpoons; very short endscrapers and more or less geometric weapon armatures (Azilian points). Art is represented by painted or engraved pebbles.
Unique in the world, Mas d’Azil is also open to the public. Visitors are invited to discover the galleries on the right bank of the Arize. Beginning in the middle of the cave, this underground system is a complex succession of chambers and galleries that are deep and obscure. The entire section that is open to the public was renovated in 2013.
Source: Inrap [June 01, 2015]
how did family groups live in the caves? did people than recognise the role of fathers (sperm, etc)? were there internal "rooms" in the big cave where people had their own secluded home? How can I find out this stuff? Thanks
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